% 


■ Ik 


NO,  OF  SAMPLE. 


CALIFORNIA  STATE 


FERRY  BUILDING, 


MINING  BUREAU, 


[All  samples  (except  one)  taken  direct  from  pump  by  Field  Assistant,  State  Mining  Bureau  :  No.  61  furnished  by  owners  of  well.  1 


SAN  FRANCISCO. 

LEWIS  E.  AUBURY,  State  Mineralogist. 

CHEMICAL  ANALYSES  OP  CALIFORNIA  PETROLEUM. 

By  H.  N.  COOPER,  Chemist. 

[Data  and  Samples  Collected  t>y  MARION  AUBURY,  E  ield  Assistant.] 


DISTILLATION. 


NAME  OF  COMPANY. 


COUNTY.  SECTION. 


i 

SHIPPING 

Ration. 


NUMBER  OR  NAME 
OF  WELL. 


FORMATION. 


DEPTH 

OF 

WELL. 


Watsonville  Oil  Co. _  Santa 

■Santa 

;  Western  Union  Oil  Co _  Santa  Barbara 

!  Pinal  Oil  Co - - 

'  Union  Oil  Co.  of  California 


Sea  Cliff  Oil  Co.  - 

| - 

5  Potomac  Oil  Co.  -  - . 

6  Union  Oil  Co.  of  California 

7  Union  Oil  Co.  of  California 

8  Union  Oil  Co.  of  California 

9  Union  Oil  Co.  of  California 


Clara.  .  .1  3  miles  IN.  W.  of  j  Sargents]  SargenLRanch^-  - .  _^^315jCb''ttenden  '  j  Sargents 
-  1  _ 

_  900  j  u  jireaga _  Los  Angeles - 

_  700  Gi  ciosa 

....  1250  If.. 


Santa  Barbara 
Santa  Barbara 
Santa  Barbara 


Santa  Barbara 

Ventura - 

Ventura  . . 

Ventura . 

Ventura - 


10  mi.  S.lE.  of  San 
23  &  24  9  N. 

Rancho  La  Puri 


ta  Maria  Carreaga  . 
34  W. 


Rancho 

Rancho 

Rancho 

12 


Lompoc  . _ 

Summerland . 

Summerland _ 

Adams  Canon - - 

ion _ I  Adams  Canon  . . 

ion _ Salt  Marsh  Canon _ 

20  W.  Bardsdale  Cafion - 


_ Santa_Maria _ 

_  Los  Angeles  .. 

Sea  level  . .  \ _ _  Santa  Barbara 


Nos.  1  and  3  . 
Hill  No.  1  . . . 


Feet. 

...I  Sand _ |  1187 

.  J  Sand  and  Shale.  1610 

. . . j  Sand  and  Shale .  277 6 

...  Sand . .  1600 

. . .  Sand _  2500 

...  Sand _  190 


DAILY 

YIELD. 


Barrels. 

200 


TIME  OPERATED. 


Barrels.  ] 

4000  Since  Dec.  15,  1903 


THICKNESS 

OF 

OIL  SAND. 


PIPE-LINE,  IF  ANY. 


Feet. 

620 


90 


Ex-Mission _ 

Ex-Miss 
Ex-Miss 
3  N. 


Santa  Paula 
Santa  Paula. 
Salita  Paula. 
V datura  . 


Los  Angeles  . . 
Los  Angeles  . . 
Los  Angeles  . . 
Los  Angeles  . . 
Los  Angeles  . . 


125  112,500  '2\  years _ 

250  Slill  Sinking  |  bince  Mar.  4,  1UU4  . 


350 


miles . 

40  miles. to  landing  | 

10  miles  In  <V 


I  Since  Dec.  1902 _ _ _  No  line  . 


10  Burrows  &  Sons  . 

11  Burrows  &  Sons  - - -  - 

12  Westlake-Rommell  Oil  Co - - 

13  Los  Angeles  Pacific  Railway  Co -  Ventura 

14  Whidden  Double . .  . I  Ventura 

15  Los  Angeles  Pacific  Railway  Co - ... 

16  Union  Oil  Co.  of  California  . _ 

17  Sulphur  Mountain  Petroleum  Co - 

18  Buekhorn  Oil  and  Transportation  Co. 

19  Union  Oil  Co.  of  California - 


Ventura _ 11  mi.  N 

I  Ventura _ 11  mi.  N. 

Ventura _ 17  &  18 


W.  of  San  ta  Paula  Whider  Canon  .....  1010 

W.ofSan  ta  Paula  Whider  Canon  _ _  1300 

4  N.  21  W.  Sespe  Pete  Mining . .  1350 

16  4  N.  21  W.  Santa  Paula -  1375 

NWI12:  4  N.  22  W.  Ojai _  1450 

20  W.  Timber  Cafion _  2500 

19  W.  Little  Sespe  Cafion. .  1000 

ta  Paula  Sulphur  Mountain . .  2500 

19  W.  Buekhorn _  1100 

_  Torrey  Cafion _  1650 


18  4  N. 

6  4  N. 

15  mi.  N.  W.ofSan 
13  4  N. 


20  Modelo  Oil  Co . 

21  I.  W.  Shirley _ 

22  Proudfit  &  Parker 

23  Davis  &  Harrison. 


Ventura _ 

Los  Angeles  . 
Los  Angeles  . 
Los  Angeles. 


Vdfitura  _ Santa  Paula  . 

Sa'jita  Paula.  Santa  Paula  ... 
Sa  ita  Paula.  Los  Angeles  . . . 


Santa  Paula. 
St  nta  Paula. 

Ssjhta  Paula  . 
Vi ntura 


Bi.ckhorn  . 


Vet  ara  4  Sun  la  Puulu 


4  N.  18  W. 


Davis  &  Harrison _  Los  Angeles 


Los  Angeles _ 

Santa  Paula _ 

Los  Angeles  . . 
Los  Angeles  . . 
Fullerton  .... 

Buekhorn _ 

Los  Angeles  . . 


No.  4  Daniel’s  lease . 

No.  27 _ 

Green  Oil  Tunnel 

No.  11 _ 

Robinson  No.  2 . 

No.  6 _ 

Garrett  Tunnel _ 

Old  No.  6 _ 

Capital  Crude  No.  20 
No.  4 _ 

Timber  Canon  No.  3. 

No.  7 _ 

No.  1 _ 

No.  15 _ 

No.  52 _ 


Sand _ 

Sand  _ . . 

Sand  and  Shale . 

Sand _ 

Ked  and  While  Sand . 

Sand. 

Sand. 

Sand  and  Shale . 
Sand  and  Shale. 
Sand. 

Sand _ 

Sand _ 

Sand _ 

Sand  and  Shale . 
Sand  and  Shale . 


7000 


1800 


2000 

2000 


.j  Since  Feb.  5,  1903.  . 

4-J  years _ 

Since  Sept.  9,  1891 . 

15  years _ 

Since  May  14,  1897 
11  years . . 

Since  Mar.  11,  1903 

18  years _ 

35  years  _ 

Since  Sept.  1902  .. . 
Since  Aug.  1900  . . . 


2200 


p-.i 


u . . 


Piru  _ _ _ _ _  -  j  2350 

Middle  Field _ _ |  L<!s  Angeles  . 

East  End  Field _  200  Lds  Angeles  . 


26 


M.  Manley  &  Co. _  Los  Angeles. 

West  Lake  Oil  Co . .  Los  Angeles. 

f  LUlfT-'  l  - * - -Cf' 

I  Park  Crude  Oil  Co. . . . Los  Angeles. 

!  E.  A.  Clampitt _ _  Los  Angeles - 

30  Consolidated  Crude  Oil  Co. _  Los  Angeles 

31  Whittier-Fillmore  Oil  Co _  .  Los  Angeles _ S.E.^22 

32  Union  Oil  Co. _ _ _  Los  Angeles _  Sansi 

35  Puente  Oil  Co. . .  .  . .  Los  Angeles - 

Home  Oil  Co. _ _  Los  Angeles . 


2  S.  11  W. 

nena  Ranch - - 

2  S.  11  W.  Puente  . 
2  S.  11  W.  J  Whittier 


East  End  Field . 
East  End  Field . 

East  End  Field . . 
West  Lake _ 

Middle  Field  . . . 
Middle  Field.  . 

1  East  End _ 

Whittier _ 


Lis  Angeles  . 
Los  Angeles . 


Piru _ 

Los  Angeles _ 

Los  Angeles _ 

Los  Angeles _ 

Los  Angeles  . . . 


No.  22 _ 

No.  12 _ 

No.  2 . . 

No.  10 _ 

Solano  Well  . 


4500  i  18  months _ 

_  5  years  _ 

300  Since  Apr.  27,  1903 

_ 3  years . . 

. .  3  years . . . 


500 
90,  200 
600 

400  to  500 
240 


300 


20 


160 


80, 100, 105 

100,  200 


500  feet  . . 
10  miles . . 

10  miles  . . 
30  miles . . 

27  miles  . 
27  miles . 

7  miles  .. 
24  miles . 


.9416 
j  .9337 

I 

.8882 
.9574 
.9665 


below  15° 
below  15° 

P 

below  15° 
21° 

above  70° 

|  above  70° 
below  15° 
68° 
below  15° 
below  15° 


16°  C.  (about  60°  F.).  85°  C.  (185°  F.). 


27.28 

38.40 


Percentage. 


Gravity  of  Preceding  Fractions  at  15°  C.  (about  60°  F.). 


3.27 

65.00 

65.00 


.8900 

.9759 


below  15° 
29° 


below  15° 
56° 


7  miles _ _  15 

30  miles? _ _  16 

No  line _ 

2^  miles _ 

!  30  miles’ _ 


Los  Angeles  Los  Angeles  _ 

Los  Angeles  .  Los  Angeles _ 


Saunders _ i  Sand. 

No.  7 _ ’  Sand. 


Los  Angeles  .  Los  Angeles _ No.  13 - 


Los  Angeles  .  Los  Angeles _ Clampitt  No.  1 _ Sand. 


.  Sand _  1060 

...  1080 


1200 

900 


Los  Angeles  .  Los  Angeles _ No.  21 -  Sand -  800 

j  Whittier _ Whittier _ No.  1 . . —  Sand _ _  2300 

. . .  Los  Angeles _ I  No.  5 _ _ Sand.. . .  1500 

Chino _  Los  Angeles _ No.  66 . . . j  Sand -  1425 

Whittier _ Whittier _ I . . . Sand.... _ j  1713 


15  . . Since  July,  1902. 

10  _ j  7  years _ 

20  . 1  1  year _ 

10  8000  5  years. . . 

4  6000  5  years _ 

3  20,000  9  years  _ 

to  3  15,000  |  4  years _ 

*5  5000  |  3  years _ 

50  10,000  2  years  . . . 

4  _ 6  years _ 

65  _ 15  months  . 

. | _ |  5  years _ 

25  I _  1  year _ 

40  5000  3  months  . 


4  miles  J . . 
30  miles] . . 
No  line  J . . 
No  line 


No  line 


20 

28.4 

.8838 

21 

16.5 

.9559 

22 

14.3 

.9699 

23 

13.2 

.9774 

24 

17.9 

.9467 

2.23 

65D0 


below  15° 
above  70° 
above  70° 
above  70^ 
above  70° 


Union  pipe-line  ...  25 

No  line  ! _ _  26 


-  M...  II 

1  No  line  |. 
60  feet  tojU 


2  S. 


11  W.  Whittier. 


Central  Oil  Co.  of  Los  Angeles _  Los  Angeles _  2 

(See  34) _ _ |. - - !- - - - 

Salt  Lake  Oil  Co _  . Los  Angeles. _ _ _ _  West  End  Field _ 

La  Brea  Rancho  Oil  and  Asphalt  Co . Los  Angeles . . J  West  End  Field _ 

_ _  Los  Angeles I _ _ _ _ j  Elsmere  Cafion _ 

_ I _ 1 _ _L _ ! _ I _ 


450  Los  Nietos  . .  Los  Angeles _ _  Sand. 


1856 


105 


28,342  9  months  . 


1636 


Jnion  line. 

,o  60  No  line  ] _ _ 

i  150  No  line  i - 

200  Line  to  San  Pedro  . 
,o  15  18  miles  to  Chino. . 

_ miles  to  Whittier 

_  I  _ 

220  44  miles - 


12.0 


13.8 


.9860  above  7 


1800 


2.28 


65.00 

61.59 


65.00 


540 


U-  •  - 


.9706 

.9736 


above  70° 
above  70° 


65.00 


.83  10,393 

2.08  10,369  I 

tm  10,825  | 

1.56  10,543  ! 

4.43  10,258  ! 

.44  10,348 


10,647 

10,604 


9,112 


9,384 

9,889 


9,310 


9,332 


8,892 


d 

3 

H 

|  -< 

0 

H 

d 

none 

2.0 

[1  none 

.9 

j 

--none 

none 

8.2  ! 

7.0 

1.3 

.7 

0.0 

j  trace 

0.0 

none 

4.0 

trace 

0.0 

none  • 

1.4 

none 

8.9 

25.0 


.7774 

.7596 


.8745 

.8538 


7.4 


10.0 


.8574 


.8613 

.8840 


.8788 

.9085 

.8992 

.9347 


.7250  .7736 


.6986 


9,776 


9,293 


.7601 

in  .4  _  .7798 

.8  .7228  .7724 

.1  . . __ 

1.8  .7002  .7639 

2.4  .7057  .7623 

2.0  I  .7345  .7725 

.1  _ 

2.9  .7044  .7674 


.7999 

.8129 


.8202 

.8102 


.8466 

.8460 


.8613 

.8510 


.8830 

.8787 

.8901 

.8820 

.8624 

.8570 

.8870 


.7119 


.7722  I  .8126 


10,091 


l,9,0U»)  . 


.8568 


.8920 
.9014 

.9154 
.8925 

.8875  _  15 

.8769  . . .  16 

.9302  _  .  17 

.9156  .9307  18 

.8740  .8672  19 

.9066  .8644  20 

.9021  .9053  21 

.9087  .8957  22 

.9078  .9139  23 

.9099  .9094  24 


18.6  20.1 


10,346  j 
9,920  | 


10,073 
9,377  | 


Santa  Ana  Oil  Co. 


200  '  Los  Angeles  .  Los  Angeles _  No.  4 . . . Sand.. . —  1284 

200  Los  Angeles  _|  Los  Angeles _ No.  14 . . —  ’  Sand -  410 

1500  Newhall _ Santa  Ana _ j  Santa  Ana  No.  2 - Sand -  1000 


40  _ j  Since  Feb.  8,  1892. 

6  . . I  1  month _ 

40  i _ 2  years _ 


50  Pearl  Oil  Co _ _ _  Los  Angeles . . . 

55  Santa  Ana  Oil  Co. _ _ _  .  Los  Angeles _ 

56  Western  Union  Oil  Co. _ .. _ _ _ 

57  Pacific  Coast  Oil  Co. . . .  Los  Angeles. .  _ 

58  Pacific  Coast  Oil  Co. _ _ _ _  Los  Angeles . . . 


13 


4  S.  16  W. 


San  Fernando _  1500 

Elsmere  Cafion _  1300 


Pico  Cafion _  1900 

I  Elsmere  Cafion _  1400 


:  Newhall _  Los  Angeles _ Pearl  No.  2 _ Gravelly  Sand. 


Newhall _ Santa  Ana _ Santa  No.  2. 

_  Carreaga  . . . . . 

Ventura _ Newhall . .  No.  4 - 

Newhall _ Newhall _  No.  2 - 


Pacific  Coast  Oil  Co. _  Los  Angeles .. .  16  3  N.  16  W.  Wiley  Cafion _  1700 

Columbia  Oil  and  Producing  Co.  ... _ _  Orange _ _ j . .  Fullerton . . 

Santa  Fe - - -  Orange . .  8  |  3  S.  19  W.  Fullerton . .  535 


33  Santa  Fe _  _ _ _  Orange  . 

34  Brea  Cafion  Oil  Co. _ _ _ _ _ Orange  . 

46  Home  Oil  Co.  _ _ _ I  Fresno  . 

47  California  Oilfields  Limited . . . .  Fresno 

48  California  Oilfields  Limited .  Fresno  . 

41  R.  C.  Baker  ...  . . .  Fresno  . 

51  Associated  Oil  Co. . . .  Kern  . 

52  King  Refining  Co.  _  Kern  . 

53  Alameda  <  Ml  Co.  Kern 

54  Western  Minerals  Co.  ....  _  _  Kern  . 

42  Southern  Pacific  Oil  Co. .  _  _  Kern  . . 

43  Associated  Oil  Co. _ _ _  Kern . . 

60  Induna  Oil  Co. _  Kern. . 


3  S. 


9  W. 


Fullerton . 
Fullerton . 


IF  a  sample  of  ore  containing  gold  and  silver  is  sent  to  an  assayer 
he  will  doubtless  report  practically  the  same  results  as  would 
another  assayer  who  had  used  an  entirely  different  method  of 
assaying.  The  same  is  true  of  two  chemists  determining  the 
quantity  of  sulphur  in  pyrites,  etc.  But  in  organic  analysis  two 
different  methods  may  vary  as  much  as  10  per  cent,  from  which  it 
Is  obvious  that  data  on  oil  given  without  the  methods  by  which  or 
the  apparatus  in  which  they  have  been  obtained  are  almost  useless, 
and  can  not  be  duplicated  or  proved  correct  by  another  chemist. 
For  this  reason  it  is  considered  proper  to  give  the  following  descrip¬ 
tion  of  the  methods  by  which  the  data  in  the  above  table  were 
determined. 

The  Specific  Gravity. — Two  pvenometers  were  used,  one  hold¬ 
ing  25  c.c.  and  the  other  1)4  c.c.;  the  larger  one  for  the  light  oils, 
and  the  smaller  for  the  heavy  oils.  Both  were  calibrated  with  pure 
distilled  water  and  the  water  content  calculated  to  4*.  A  heavy  oil 
may  be  introduced  into  either  pycnometer  by  first  filling  a  small 
beaker  and  allowing  a  very  small  drop  to  fall  into  the  pycnometer. 
This  drop  will  carry  with  it  a  thread  of  oil,  which  may  be  increased 
to  a  stream,  and  thus  the  pycnometer  can  be  filled  without  getting 
any  air  bubbles  mixed  with  the  oil.  If  the  oil  once  touches  the  side 
of  the  neck  it  is  an  interminable  job  to  fill  the  instrument;  it  would 
be  better  to  clean  out  with  gasoline  and  start  over  again.  If  the 
oil  is  too  thick  to  pour  as  above,  then  use  the  little  pycnometer, 


I  15  E.  Coalinga _ j  1300 

15  E.  |  Coalinga  . . . j  1250 

15  E.  [Coalinga  . . .  1150 

20  W.  I  Coalinga . 

28  E.  *  Kern  River  Field 

28  E.  Kern  River  Field  — 

I  24  W.  j  Sunset . . . 

23  W.  |  Sunset _ 

I  22  E.  |  McKittrick  . . 

22  E.  McKittrick _ 

21  E.  Temblor _ 


which  is  nothing  more  than  a  little  bottle  with  a  wide  neck  and  a 
glass  stopper  carefully  ground  in.  The  little  bottle  is  put  next  to 
the  lip  of  the  beaker  containing  the  sample  and  the  oil  allowed  to 
drain  in.  If  the  draining  takes  place  slowly,  no  air  will  get  mixed 
with  the  oil.  Then  the  stopper  is  slowly  squeezed  in,  until  by  turn¬ 
ing  it,  it  grates  on  the  ground  glasB  of  the  bottle.  The  excess  oil  iB 
wiped  off  with  a  rag,  without  undue  handling  of  the  bottle  with  the 
fingers.  After  weighing,  the  temperature  is  taken  with  an  accurate 
thermometer,  and  a  correction  of  .0006  in  specific  gravity  made  for 
heavy  oils  and  .0007  for  light  oils  for  each  degree  centigrade  varia¬ 
tion  from  15°,— 15°  being  taken  as  normal. 

Example:  The  little  pycnometer  full  of  sample  No.  31  weighs 
6.6195  at  18.5*. 

6.6195  wt.  of  pycnometer  and  oil. 

4.8413  wt.  of  pycnometer. 

1.7782  wt.  of  oil  in  pycnometer. 

1.7782  (wt.  of  oil)  -5-  1.8431  (wt.  of  water)  =  .9648. 

.9648  +  (3K  X  .0006)  =  .9669  sp.  g.  of  No.  31  at  15*. 

This  seems  a  long  process,  but  it  is  quickly  carried  out.  I  made 
sixteen  specific  gravity  determinations  in  four  hours,  or  an  average 
of  one  in  fifteen  minuteB.  An  error  in  the  specific  gravity  causes  a 
corresponding  error  in  the  distillation  and  also  in  the  calorific  value 
per  c.c.,  and  too  much  care  can  not  be  taken  in  its  determination. 


Ventura 
Olinda . . 
Olinda  _ . 
Olinda . . 
Olinda . . 

j  Ora 


Newhall _ 

Newhall _ 

Olinda _ 

Olinda _ 

Coalinga  . 


No.  6 _ 


No.  39 _ 

No.  12 _ 


Gravelly  Sand. 

Sand  and  Shale,  j 
Sand  and  Shale. 


662 

1000 


1400 

1000 


18  _  1  year. . 

40  I _ 2  years  . 


10  years . 


35 

60  to  120 


Sand  and  Shale 

Sand _ 

Sand _ 

Sand  and  Shale . 
Sand  and  Shale  _ 


Ora _  Coalinga - 

I  Ora _  Coalinga  ...... 

. .  Coalinga - 


950  | 

City  -- 


Blue  Goose  No.  3  ...  Sand  and  Shale . 

No.  2 _  Sand _ 

No.  11 _ j  Sand. . — 

. . .  Sand . . 


Bakersfield  . 


Omar  No.  4  . . . 


. .  Sand.. 


Sunset _ 

Sunset - 

McKittrick 
McKittrick . . 
Olig - 


Bakersfield  . . . 

Pioneer  City . . 
San  Francisco  . . 
McKittrick  . . 
McKittrick  . . 
McKittrick  . . 


No.  1.. . . 

No.  1 . . . 

No.  5 _ 

Shamrock  No.  3  . . . 
Induna . . 


25  _ Since  Feb.  1903 _ 

100  206,744  Since  Mar.  4,  1902.  . 

90  4473  Since  May  23,  1903. 

100  300,000  Since  Jan.  18, 1902. 

j  i 

125  I _ 7  years _ _ _ 

200  _  20  days . . | 

200  _ Since  Aug.  4,  1903. 

75 _  ,2000  1  Kincp.-AuiuLL  .13Q/L--- 

_ Since  July  23, 1903 


1648 

950 


3000 


365,000 


6  months  . . 
13  months  . 

2  years _ 

3  years _ 

2  years _ 


24  milet  to  Newhall 

45  mile. 

14  mile; 

50  mih 
Union  line 
No  lint 
Olinda 


8  miles  to  Ora -  46 

8  miles  to  Ora. . . 

74  mile  _to  Ora - 

...  41 

4  mile  ^  Oil  City..  51 


15.7 


.8530 

.9150 

.8680 


17° 

below  15° 
below  15° 
above  70° 
above  70° 

354° 
above  70° 
below  15° 
below  15° 
above  70° 

below  15° 
below  15° 
44° 
below  15° 
below  15° 

below  15° 
below  15° 
below  15° 


.9756  -above.  70° 
.9609  above  70° 


.93  10,409  10,064 


.36  10,699 


9,389 


To  take  the  gravity  of  heavy  oils  by  the  hydrometer  is  as  long  as 
this,  and,  moreover,  very  inaccurate.  On  first  consideration  it 
might  seem  that  the  specific  gravity  taken  in  a  little  bottle  as  small 
as  1.5  c.c.  would  he  inaccurate,  but  I  compared  this  with  the  25  c.c. 
pycnometer  and  obtained  results  agreeing  to  .0001  in  specific 
gravity,  or  practically  identical. 

The  Viscocity.— There  are  many  viscometers,  but  none  of  them 
are  ideal.  Nevertheless,  I  could  not  invent  one  that  would  answer 
all  requirements  and  expect  the  public  to  use  it.  It  takes  time  to 
introduce  a  new  idea  or  instrument.  The  Redwood  viscometer 
seems  to  me  to  be  the  best  now  on  the  market,  for  the  following 
reasons:  It  is  the  English  standard:  the  tip  is  made  of  agate,  and 
so  will  not  wear  out;  the  tip  is  surrounded  by  heavy  brass,  thus 
keeping  the  oil  in  the  tip  at  approximately  the  same  temperature 
as  the  oil  in  the  cup. 

In  the  above,  data  the  viscosity  has  been  taken  at  two  temper¬ 
atures  :  at  15°  C.  (about  60°  F.)  and  at  85*  C.  (185°  F.).  It  was  taken 
at  15°  C.  because  this  iH  generally  taken  as  “ordinary  temper¬ 
ature  ”;  and  at  85°  C.  because  it  is  impossible  to  heat  the  contents 
of  the  Redwood  viscometer  up  to  100°  C.  (212*  F.)  with  boiling 
water,  so  some  lower  temperature  must  be  chosen.  It  is  easy  to 
heat  the  instrument  up  to  85°  C.  (185°  F.);  and  moreover,  a  pipe¬ 
line  may  be  heated  to  85*  C.,  but  with  great  difficulty  higher  than 
this,  Since  our  main  object  in  finding  the  viscocity  is  to  ascertain 


whether  the  oil  can  be  piped  without  too  great  cost  for  pumping, 
the  last  consideration  is  important.  To  see  whether  it  is  practical 
to  pass  the  oil  through  pipes,  85°  C.  has  been  chosen. 

It  is  customary  to  give  the  results  in  the  number  of  seconds  that 
it  takes  50  c.c.  to  run  through  the  instrument.  To  compare  this 
with  water  (which  runs  through  in  25  seconds)  the  results  must  be 
divided  by  25.  Through  the  instrument  which  I  used,  water  ran 
in  27)4  seconds.  Therefore,  I  give  two  sets  of  results;  one  set  con¬ 
sists  of  the  number  of  seconds  it  took  the  oil  to  run  through  the 
instrument  which  I  used;  the  other  set,  the  same  number  of  seconds 
divided  by  27)...  The  data  of  the  last  set  approximately  tell  how 
many  more  times  viscous  the  oil  is  than  water  at  15*  C.  (about 
60°  F.).  Just  before  the  test  is  made,  the  level  of  the  oil  is  made 
even  with  the  tip. 

The  Flash  Point. — Nothing  can  be  more  inaccurate  than  the 
open  tester,  since  it  may  be  manipulated  at  will  to  give  results 
varying  by  10*.  The  most  accurate  of  the  open  testers  is  liable  to 
great  variations  in  its  results  from  drafts  of  air.  The  Abel  closed 
tester  gives  results  which  may  be  duplicated  within  1°  or  2*.  It  is 
the  English  standard,  and  with  the  Pensky  attachment  it  is  the 
German  standard.  It  seems  to  be  perfect  in  every  respect  for  its 
purpose,  i.  e.  for  determining  the  flash  from  60°  F.  to  160“  F.  (Why 
not  adopt  it  as  the  standard  for  California?)  If  the  instructions  for 
opening  the  slide  are  carefully  followed,  the  Pensky  clockwork  for 


-  U-  .....  52 

No  line! _  53 

No  lint: _  54 

3  of  a  inile . .  42 

1  mi.  to  McKittrick  43 
60 


opening  the  slide  is  not  necessary;  it  was  invented  to  do  away 
entirely  with  any  tampering  with  results.  In  making  the  above 
determinations  of  flash  point  the  directions  given  in  Redwood’s 
Manual  were  followed  exactly.  Since  the  flash  was  taken  with 
reference  to  safet  y  in  transportation,  the  test  was  not  made  on  those 
samples  flashing  below  15°  C.  (60°  F.)  and  above  70°  C.  (168°  F). 
The  United  States  seems  to  be  in  a  transition  stage  between  the 
metric  system  and  the  senseless  ancestral  English  system  of  weights 
and  measures,  and  for  this  reason  I  have  mixed  the  two  systems. 

I  see  no  other  way  out  of  the  problem  than  to  put  the  degrees 
Fahrenheit  in  parenthesis. 

Calorific  Value. — All  the  determinations  were  made  with  the 
Atwater  bomb.  The  thermometer  used  was  a  Beckman,  graduated 
in  one  one-hundredths,  whose  accuracy  I  tested.  The  basis  was 
the  average  between  Berthelot’s  calorific  values  for  cane  sugar  and 
naphthalene.  I  carefully  determined  the  value  of  these  two  sub¬ 
stances.  The  naphthalene  used  was  made  by  De  Hiien,  Germany ; 
its  boiling  point  was  between  79  and  80°,  and  it  was  melted  before 
using.  The  sugar  was  three  times  crystallized  cane  sugar,  whose 
composition  by  organic  combustion  agreed  with  the  theoretical  by 
0.03  on  the  H  and  0.05  on  the  (  ;  in  other  words,  perfectly  pure 
sugar.  Before  using,  it  was  dried  ui  50°  in  the  oven.  My  average 
of  several  results  on  sugar  and  naphthalene  had  to  be  increased  by 
1.08  per  cent  to  make  it  the  same  as  Berthelot's  average  for  sugar 


65.00  186 


2.83 

97.83 

4.75 


.79  10,505  9,606 


69  10,267  10,139 

.49  10,461  9,911 

.72  10,368  10,044 


65.00 


134 


11,141 

10,389 


10,441 

10,777 

10,581 

10,598 

10,629 

10,739 

10,340 

10,395 


9,322 

10,042 


9,813 

9,200 

9,678 


44.6 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

4.6 

7.7 

16.1 

9.7 

16.2 

1.1 

_  .8642 

.8951 

.9032 

.9177 

30 

2.3 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

9.1 

19.5 

37.6 

3.8 

26.5 

1.2 

. . .  .8546 

.8968 

.9180 

.9119 

31 

.2 

0.0 

0.0 

5.2 

11.6 

t  25.1 

28.5 

28.4 

1.0 

. . 8197  .8648 

.8915 

.8910 

32 

none 

8.0 

15.4 

9.0 

10.1 

14.0 

23.1 

5.7 

13.1 

1.6 

.7265 

.7720  .8155  .8413 

.8648 

.8862 

.8837 

35 

1  none 

0.0 

4.2 

9.6 

14.0 

14.7 

23.0 

16.8 

15.7 

2.0 

. 

.7756  .8313  .8672 

.8991 

.9210 

.9166 

36 

none 

0.0 

6.9 

8.8 

12.0 

11.9 

33.2 

6.2 

20.6 

.4 

.7760  .8363  .8557 

.8848 

.8996 

.8796 

37 

none 

8.2 

10.7 

10.6 

7.2 

17.1 

20.6 

5.8 

20.0 

gain  .2 

.7469 

.7814  .8295  .8634 

.8928 

.9050 

.8963 

38 

none 

2.9 

7.9 

7.4 

7.8 

17.0 

18.2 

11.5 

26.8 

.5 

.7247 

.7650  .8175  .8804 

.8903 

.9051 

.8905 

44 

5.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

3.7 

f  24.1 

20.9 

44.2 

2.1 

.8648 

.8882 

9240 

45 

4.2 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

12.8 

16.8 

37.0 

6.7 

22.6 

gain  -1 

_ _  .8611 

.8973 

.9198 

.8933 

49 

none 

0.0 

1.2 

8.0 

11.2 

t  21.0 

24.0 

10.8 

22.7 

1.1 

.7790  .8170  .8618 

.8989 

.9246 

.9087 

50 

3.5 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

11.5 

12.2 

36.5 

6.8 

28.3 

1.2 

none 

0.0 

12.0 

10.4 

8.3 

t  24.5 

22.6 

4.8 

17.9 

gain  -5 

.7481  .8225  .8600 

.8886 

.9169 

.9133 

56 

none 

10.5 

20.4 

13.8 

13.0 

11.1 

16.9 

6.8 

6.8 

.7 

.7472 

.7659  .8040  .8359 

.8606 

.8870 

.8720 

57 

6.1 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

11.5 

1 22.7 

32.1 

2.5 

22.6 

2.5 

.8970 

.9091 

.8913 

58 

none 

2.9 

17.4 

10.3 

10.3 

13.5 

20.8 

9.5 

10.9 

4.4 

.7297 

.7751  .8127  .8409 

.8662 

.8852 

.8929 

59 

none 

1.9 

6.2 

9.2 

8.1 

17.3 

27.4 

3.8 

25.8 

.3 

.7004 

.7627  .8204  .8622 

.8876 

.9015 

.8977 

39 

1.3 

0.0 

0.0 

11.2 

10.5 

15.5 

28.3 

9.9 

23.1 

.2 

_  .8113  .8551 

.8850 

.8857 

.9001 

40 

none 

12.9 

15.3 

11.5 

11.1 

9.6 

19.5 

6.5 

11.0 

2.6 

.7239 

.7645  .8044  .8401 

.8713 

.8955 

.8984 

33 

none 

4.2 

13.9 

8.9 

9.7 

18.3 

24.2 

6.0 

13.3 

2.5 

.7252 

.7701  .8172  .8597 

.8937 

.8955 

.9062 

34 

10,364  10,173  j 


and  naphthalene,  and  all  my  results  on  petroleum  are  increased  by 
the  factor  1.0108,  which  is  evidently  the  correction  factor  of  the 
bomb  calorimeter  plus  my  personal  equation.  My  results  are 
certainly  within  0  5  per  cent  of  the  absolute,  and  on  repetition,  the 
duplicates  agree  within  0.3  per  cent. 

Samples  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  6,  7,  9,  10,  14,  17,  19,  25,  29,  38,  40,  41, 
42,  43,  46,  and  48  were  taken  from  the  top  of  the  cans  after  the  oil 
had  stood  for  three  or  four  months,  and  the  calorific  value  found 
without  preliminary  treatment.  Since  Nos.  3,  4,  17,  29,  and  40  had 
water  present,  the  calorific  value  obtained  for  these  was  increased 
by  the  same  number  of  per  cent  as  the  oil  held  water;  in  other 
words,  the  calorific  value  was  calculated  on  the  dry  sample.  All 
other  calorific  values  that  were  made  of  samples  containing  water, 
first  had  the  water  removed  by  distillation.  The  calorific  value  of 
an  oil  containing  water  is  useless  for  most  purposes  unless  the  per¬ 
centage  of  water  is  given  also for  how  can  any  one  get  concordant 
results  on  a  sample  half  water?  (See  sample  No.  30.)  Oil  is  bought 
by  the  gallon  and  not  by  the  pound,  and  the  column  headed 
“  Calorific  value  per  c.c."  gives  the  comparative  value  of  the  oils  by 
volume. 

The  Sulphur  was  determined  from  the  sulphuric  acid  left  over 
from  the  combustion  in  the  platinum  cup.  The  cup  or  lining  as 
well  as  the  lid  of  the  bomb  was  carefully  washed  into  a  beaker, 
the  liquid  filtered  to  about  100  c.c.,  BaCla  added,  and  the  precipi¬ 


tated  BaSO,  weighed  and  the  sulphur  calculated.  The  gases  of 
combustion  I  found  to  contain  no  sulphuric  acid.  (And  of  course 
no  SOa,  since  HNOa  was  present.)  I  passed  the  gases  slo.vly 
through  glass  wool  soaked  in  KOH,  and  found  almost  no  con¬ 
sumption  of  the  alkalinity  of  the  KOII;  showing  that  all  the 
H2S04  and  HNOs  stuck  to  the  lining. 

The  Distillation  -  An  ordinary  '.[-litre  glass  distilling  flusk 
was  used.  The  exit  tube  is  bent  upward  for  2  inches  just  after 
leaving  the  neck  of  the  flask;  this  is  to  facilitate  filling  and  to 
intercept  any  liquid  spurted  out  during  the  distillation.  1  do  not 
give  the  measurements  of  the  flask,  because  in  California  we  have 
to  take  what  we  can  get  in  the  line  of  glassware.  But  if  the  flask 
Holds  300-325  c.c.  up  to  the  bottom  of  the  neck,  the  diameter  of 
the  neck  is  about  one-fifth  the  diameter -of  the  bulb,  the  exit  tube 
joined  to  the  neck  half  way  between  the  top  of  the  bulb  and  the 
to?  of  f'1**  "eck,  and  the  neck  about  one  and  one  half  times  as  long 
as  the  diameter  of  the  bulb,  the  flusk  will  fulfill  the  requirements. 
To  prevent  condensation  in  the  upward  bend  it  is  surrounded  by 
fluffed  asbestos  fiber  about  half  an  inch  thick.  The  exit  tube 
should  be  30  inches  long  from  the  top  of  the  bend  to  the  tip  of  the 
tube.  The  thermometer  is  placed  so  that  the  top  of  the  bulb  is 
level  with  the  bottom  of  the  exit  tube.  During  the  distillation  up 
to  the  250°-300°  fraction,  the  exit  tube  passes  through  a  water  con 


denser.  After  this  fraction  passes  over,  the  condenser  is  removed 
and  the  exit  tube  used  as  an  air  condenser. 

The  specific  gravity  of  the  sample  is  first  determined :  then  the 
flask  is  placed  on  one  pan  and  counterbalanced  with  shot.  The 
balance  must  be  accurate  to  50  mg.  with  a  300-gram  load.  Enough 
oil  is  poured  in  to  make  a  volume  of  200  c.c.  (calculated  from  the 
sp.  g. )  at  the  temperature  of  the  room  in  which  the  distillation  is  to 
take  place.  The  condenser  is  attuched,  the  50  c.c.  graduated  cylin¬ 
der  put  under  the  tip  of  the  exit  tube,  and  the  oil  is  cautiously 
heated  until  all  the  water  is  driven  over.  In  making  the  fractional 
distillation  I  do  not  recommend  putting  in  any  measured  amount  of 
gasoline  or  other  light  boiling  liquid  to  drive  off  the  water.  I  have 
never  seen  a  sample  that  could  not  be  fractionated  in  its  original  con¬ 
dition,  if  care  and  patience  are  used.  The  oil  is  then  fractionated 
between  the  following  temperatures:  up  to  lf)0°,  100°-150°,  150°-200°, 
200  -250  ,  260  -300  ,  300°-asphalt,  asphalt.  The  flame  is  so  regu¬ 
lated  as  to  cause  the  oil  to  distill  over  no  faster  than  two  drops  per 
second.  Just  before  the  thermometer  reaches  the  point  where  the 
distillation  is  to  he  stopped,  the  flame  is  moderated  to  allow  the 
thermometer  to  rise  gradually  to  the  stopping  point.  The  flame  is 
now  removed  to  allow  the  temperature  to  fall,  20°  for  the  100°  frac¬ 
tion,  100°  for  the  300°  fraction,  and  a  proportionate  fall  for  the  frac¬ 
tions  in  between,  and  then  heated  up  again.  This  is  repeated  until 
no  more  than  three  drops  can  be  squeezed  over.  The  receiver  is  then 


changed  and  the  next  higher  distillate  run  over.  An  exception 
must  be  made  with  the  250°-300°  fraction,  if  much  cracking  takes 
place.  With  some  oils  very  varying  results  may  be  obtained  for 
the  250°-300°  fraction,  because  every  time  the  temperature  goes  up 
to  300°  cracking  takes  place  and  more  distillate  passes  over.  In 
such  cases  I  have  arbitrarily  stopped  at  50  c.c.  and  made  a  note  to 
that  effect  in  the  tables  (the  fraction  is  marked  with  an  obelisk),  or 
else  I  have  kept  the  temperature  at  290°  until  the  cracking  had 
almost  stopped.  This  last  procedure  is  too  long  to  he  practical, 
and  I  recommend  the  former.  The  asphalt  was  run  down  to 
grade  D.  It  was  tested  by  running  a  looped  wire  down  the  neck  of 
the  distilling  flusk,  drawing  out  a  drop  and  testing  it  by  chewing  or 
by  the  fingernail.  Of  course,  with  such  small  quantities  it  does  not 
make  much  difference  in  the  results  whether  the  asphalt  is  run  down 
to  grade  C,  D,  or  E.  The  asphalt  is  measured  in  this  way :  Fill  the 
flask  with  water  to  a  mark  on  the  neck ;  pour  out  the  water  and 
save  fur  future  use.  Dissolve  the  asphalt  in  waste  lubricating  oil 
(heat  the  flask  over  the  flame)  and  remove  the  traces  with  gasoline 
and  then  with  hot  sulphuric  acid  and  potassium  bichromate.  Dry, 
and  pour  hack  the  water.  Now  run  in  water  from  a  burette  to  the 
mark.  The  number  of  cubic  centimeters  run  in  represents  the 
a8phalt‘  H.  N.  COOPER. 

Printed  at  the  State  Printing  Office,  W.  W.  SHANNON,  Superintendent. 


